Publications

Publications

Articles and book chapters

2017

Eckstein K., Hartleb H., Achsnich M., Schöppler F., Hertel T.
Localized Charges Control Exciton Energetics and Energy Dissipation in Doped Carbon Nanotubes
ACS Nano, 2017, 11 (10), pp 10401–10408
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05543

2016

Eckstein, A., R. Karpicz, R. Augulis, K. Redeckas, M. Vengris, I. Namal, T. Hertel, V. Gulbinas
Excitation quenching in polyfluorene polymers bound to (6,5) single-wall carbon nanotubes
Chem. Phys. 467, 1-5 (2016).
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.12.006

Mann, C., T. Hertel
13 nm Exciton Size in (6,5) Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 2276-2280 (2016).
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00797

Bottacchi, F., S. Bottacchi, F. Spath, I. Namal, T. Hertel, T.D. Anthopoulos
Nanoscale Charge Percolation Analysis in Polymer-Sorted (7,5) Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks
Small 12, 4211-4221 (2016).
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600922

Abuldulimu, A., F. Spaeth, I. Namal, T. Hertel, L. Luer
Chirality Specific Triplet Exciton Dynamics in Highly Enriched (6,5) and (7,5) Carbon Nanotube Networks
J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 19778-19784 (2016).
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b03923

Bergler F. F.; Stahl S.; Goy A.; Schöppler, F.; Hertel, T
Substrate-Mediated Cooperative Adsorption of Sodium Cholate on (6,5) Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Langmuir, 2016
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02759

Brunecker, F. K.; Schöppler, F.; Hertel, T
Interaction of Polymers With Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
JPC C, 2016
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b02198

2015

Schilling, D.; Mann, C.; Kunkel, P.; Schöppler, F.; Hertel, T
Ultrafast Spectral Exciton Diffusion in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Studied by Time-Resolved Hole Burning
JPC C, 2015
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b06865

Hartleb, H.; Späth, F.; Hertel, T
Evidence for strong electronic correlations in the spectra of gate-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes
ACS Nano, 2015
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04707

Bottacchi, F; Petti, L; Späth, F; Namal, I  ; Troster, G; Hertel, T; Anthopoulos, TD
Polymer-sorted (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes for solution-processed low-voltage flexible microelectronics
Applied Physics Letters, 2015
DOI: 10.1063/1.4921078

Matthias Kastner, Sabine Stahl, Ivonne Vollert, Christian Loi, Nicolas Rühl, Tobias Hertel, Friedrich Schöppler
A comparison of Raman and photoluminescence spectra for the assessment of single-wall carbon nanotube sample quality
Chemical Physics Letters, 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.cplett.2015.06.076

G. Soavi, F. Scotognella, D. Viola, T. Hefner, T. Hertel, G. Cerullo & G.Lanzani
High energetic excitons in carbon nanotubes directly probe charge-carriers
Scientific reports, 2015
DOI: 10.1038/srep09681

2014

Li, H.; Hain, T. C.; Muzha, A.; Schöppler, F.; Hertel,T.
Dynamical Contact Line Pinning and Zipping during Carbon Nanotube Coffee Stain Formation
ACS Nano, 2014
DOI: 10.1021/nn501957y

Stich, D.; Spaeth, F.; Kraus, H.; Sperlich, A.; Dyakonov, V.; Hertel, T.
Triplet-triplet exciton dynamics in single-walled carbon nanotubes
NATURE PHOTONICS, 2014
DOI: 10.1038/NPHOTON.2013.316

Hain, T. C.; Fuchs, F.; Soltamov, V. A.; Baranov, P. G.; Astakhov, G. V.; Hertel, T.; Dyakonov, V.
Excitation and recombination dynamics of vacancy-related spin centers in silicon carbide
J. Appl. Phys., 2014
DOI: 10.1063/1.4870456

2013

Bergler, F. F.; Schöppler, F.; Brunecker, F. K.; Hertel, T.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Gel-Immobilized Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes with Microfluidic Control of the Surfactant Environment
J. Phys. Chem. C, 2013
DOI: 10.1021/jp403711e

Hertel, T.; Brunecker, F.; Rühl, N.; Schilling, D.; Späth, F.
Grenzflächenphänomene an Kohlenstoffnanoröhren
Nachrichten aus der Chemie, 2013
DOI: 10.1002/nadc.201390201

Soavi, G.; Scotognella, F.; Brida, D.; Hefner, T.; Späth, F.; Antognazza, M. R.; Hertel, T.; Lanzani, G.; Cerullo, G.
Ultrafast Charge Photogeneration in Seminconducting Carbon Nanotubes
J. Phys. Chem. C, 2013
DOI: 10.1021/jp404009z

Schöppler, F.; Rühl, N.; Hertel, T.
Photoluminescence microscopy and spectroscopy of individualized and aggregated single-wall carbon nanotubes
Chem. Physics, 2013
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.08.011

Jensen, S. A.; Ulbricht, R.; Narita, A.; Feng, X.; Muellen, K.; Hertel, T.; Turchinovich, D.; Bonn, M.
Ultrafast Photoconductivity of Graphene Nanoribbons and Carbon Nanotubes
Nano Lett., 2013
DOI: 10.1021/nl402978s

Hertel, T.; Bondarev, I.
Photophysics of carbon nanotubes and nanotube composites
Chem. Physics, 2013
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.12.010

2012

Hain, T. C.; Kröker, K.; Stich, D. G.; Hertel, T.
Influence of DNA conformation on the dispersion of SWNTs: single-strand DNA vs. hairpin DNA
Soft Matter, 2012
DOI: 10.1039/C2SM07148G

Hartleb, H.; Kröker, K.; Hertel, T.
Density gradient ultracentrifugation and stability of SWNT-peptide conjugates
Chem. Phys. Letters, 2012
DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.03.071

2011

Schöppler, F.; Mann, C.; Hain, T. C.; Neubauer, F. M.; Privitera, G.; Bonaccorso, F.; Chu, D.; Ferrari, A. C.; Hertel, T.
Molar Extinction Coefficient of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011
DOI: 10.1021/jp205289h

Crochet, J; Hoseinkhani, S.; Lüer, L; Hertel, T; Doorn, S. K.; Lanzani G
Free-Carrier Generation in Aggregates of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Photoexcitation in the Ultraviolet Regime
PRL, 2011
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.257402

2010

Hertel, T.; Himmelein, S.; Ackermann, T.; Stich, D.; Crochet, J.
Diffusion Limited Photoluminescence Quantum Yields in 1-D Semiconductors: Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
ACS NANO, VOL. 4, NO. 12, 7161-7168, 2010
DOI: 10.1021/nn101612b

Lüer, L; Crochet, J; Hertel, T; Cerullo, G; Lanzani G
Ultrafast Excitation Energy Transfer in Small Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube Aggregates
ACS NANO, VOL. 4, NO. 7, 4265-4273, 2010
DOI: 10.1021/nn100674h

Hertel, T
Carbon nanotubes: A brighter future
NATURE PHOTONICS, 4: 77-78 FEB 1 2010
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.278

Hertel, T
Photophysics in carbon nanotubes and related structures
Eds. Guldi, D and Martin, N., Whiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2010.
DOI: 10.1002/9783527629930.ch4

2009

Luer, L ; Gadermaier, C ; Crochet, J ; Hertel, T ; Brida, D ; Lanzani, G
Coherent phonon dynamics in semiconducting carbon nanotubes: A quantitative study of electron-phonon coupling
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 102 (12): Art. No. 127401 MAR 27 2009
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.127401

Luer, L ; Lanzani, G ; Crochet, J ; Hertel, T ; Holt, J ; Vardeny, ZV
Ultrafast dynamics in metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes
PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 80 (20): Art. No. 205411 NOV 2009
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.B.80.205411

Luer, L ; Hoseinkhani, S ; Polli, D ; Crochet, J ; Hertel, T ; Lanzani, G
Size and mobility of excitons in (6,5) carbon nanotubes
NATURE PHYSICS, 5 (1): 54-58 JAN 2009
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1149

2008

Rajan, A ; Strano, MS ; Heller, DA ; Hertel, T ; Schulten, K
Length-dependent optical effects in single-walled carbon nanotubes
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, 112 (19): 6211-6213 MAY 15 2008
DOI: 10.1021/jp0771441

Ma, YZ ; Hertel, T; Vardeny, ZV; Fleming, GR; Valkunas, L
Ultrafast Spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes
CARBON NANOTUBES, 111: 321-352 2008
TOPICS IN APPLIED PHYSICS
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72865-8_10

Hertel, T., V. Perebeinos, J. Crochet,K. Arnold, M. Kappes, and Ph. Avouris
Intersubband decay of 1-D exciton resonances in carbon nanotubes
Nano Lett., 8, 87-91 (2008).
DOI: 10.1021/nI0720915

2007

Crochet, J. , M. Clemens, and T. Hertel
Optical Properties of Structurally Sorted Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Ensembles
Phys. Stat. Sol. B, 244, p3964-3968 (2007).
DOI: 10.1002/pssb.200776195

Crochet, J., M. Clemens, and T. Hertel
Quantum Yield Heterogeneities of Aqueous Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Suspensions
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, p8058 - 8059 (2007).
DOI: 10.1021/ja071553d

Zhu, Z., J. Crochet, M.S. Arnold, M.C. Hersam, H. Ulbricht, D.E. Resasco, and T. Hertel
Pump-probe spectroscopy of exciton dynamics in (6,5) carbon nanotubes
J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 3831-2825 (2007).
DOI: 10.1021/jp0669411

2006

Hertel, T., Z. Zhu, J. Crochet, C. McPheeters, H. Ulbricht, and D. Resasco
Exciton Dynamics Probed in Carbon Nanotube Suspensions with Narrow Diameter Distribution
Phys. Stat. Sol. B, 243, p3186-3191 (2006).
DOI: 10.1002/pssb.200669197

Ulbricht, H., R. Zacharia, N. Cindir, A. Hagen, G. Moos, and T. Hertel
Thermal desorption of gases and solvents from graphite and carbon nanotube surfaces
Carbon 44, 2931-2942 (2006).
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.05.040

Perfetti, L., T. Kampfrath, F. Schapper, A. Hagen, T. Hertel, C. Aguirre, P. Desjardins, R. Martel, C. Frischkorn, and M. Wolf
Ultrafast dynamics of delocalized and localized electrons in carbon nanotubes
Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 27401 (2006).
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.027401

2005

Hagen, A. , M. Steiner, M.B. Raschke, Ch. Lienau, T. Hertel, H. Qian, A.J. Meixner, and A. Hartschuh
Exponential decay lifetimes of excitons in individual single-walled carbon nanotubes
Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 197401 (2005).
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.197401

Hertel, T., A. Hagen, V. Talalaev, K. Arnold, F. Hennrich, M. Kappes, S. Rosenthal, J. McBride, H. Ulbricht and E. Flahaut
Spectroscopy of single- and double-wall carbon nanotubes in different environments
Nano Letters 5, 511-514 (2005).
DOI: 10.1021/nl050069a

2004

Zacharia, R., H. Ulbricht and T. Hertel
The interlayer cohesive energy of graphite from thermal desorption of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Phys. Rev. B 69, 155406 (2004), [Abstract, PDF (83KB)].
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.155406

Hagen, A., G. Moos, V. Talalaev, and T. Hertel
Electronic structure and dynamics of optically excited single-wall carbon nanotubes
Appl. Phys. A 78, 1137-1145 (2004).
DOI: 10.1007/s00339-003-2465-1

Hertel, T.
Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren: Bausteine der Mikroelektronik von Morgen?
Nachr. Chem. 52, 137-140 (2004), [PDF (160KB)].
Jorio, A., R. Saito, T. Hertel, R.B. Weisman, G. Dresselhaus, and M.S. Dresselhaus
Carbon Nanotube Photophysics
MRS Bulletin 29, 276 (2004), [PDF].

2003

Ulbricht, H., and T. Hertel
Dynamics of C₆₀ encapsulation into single-wall carbon nanotubes
J. Phys. Chem B 107, 14185-14190 (2003).
DOI: 10.1021/jp0353385

Ulbricht, H., G. Moos, and T. Hertel
Interaction of molecular oxygen with single-wall carbon nanotube bundles and graphite
Surf. Sci. 532, 852-856 (2003).
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6028(03)00104-3

Moos, G., R. Fasel and T. Hertel
Temperature Dependence of Electron to Lattice Energy-Transfer in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Bundles
J. Nanosci. Nanotech. 3, 145 (2003).
DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2003.163

Hagen, A., and T. Hertel
Quantitative Analysis of Optical Spectra from Individual Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
in: AIP Conference Proceedings 685, p. 193 Molecular Nanostructures, XVII International Winterschool/Euroconference on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials, ed. by H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring, S. Roth, AIP Melville, New York, 2003.
DOI: 10.1021/n1020237o

Ulbricht, H., G. Moos, and T. Hertel
Interaction of C₆₀ with carbon nanotubes and graphite
Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 095501 (2003).
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.095501

Ulbricht, H., G. Moos, and T. Hertel
Wetting of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Ropes and Graphite
in: AIP Conference Proceedings 685, p. 152 Molecular Nanostructures, XVII International Winterschool/Euroconference on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials, ed. by H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring, S. Roth, AIP Melville, New York, 2003, [Abstract]
DOI: 10.1063/1.1628007

2002

Ulbricht, H., J. Kriebel, G. Moos, and T. Hertel
Desorption Kinetics and Interaction of Xe with Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Bundles
CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, 363 (3-4): 252-260 SEP 9 2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01175-2

Ulbricht, H., G. Moos, and T. Hertel
Physisorption of Molecular Oxygen on Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Bundles and Graphite
Phys. Rev. B 66, 075404 (2002).
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.075404

Hertel, T., R. Fasel and G. Moos
Charge-Carrier Dynamics in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Bundles: A Time-Domain Study
Appl. Phys. A 75, 449 (2002).
DOI: 10.1007/s003390201415

Ulbricht, H., G. Moos, and T. Hertel
Interaction of O₂ and C₆₀ with Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Bundles from Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy
IWEPNM Proceedings, [Abstract].
DOI: 10.1063/1.1514135

2001

Moos, G., C. Gahl, R. Fasel, M. Wolf and T. Hertel
Anisotropy of Quasiparticle Lifetimes and the Role of Disorder in Graphite from Ultrafast Time-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy
Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 267402 (2001).
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.267402

Hertel, T., J. Kriebel, G. Moos and R. Fasel
Adsorption and Desorption of Weakly Bonded Adsorbates from Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Bundles,
in: AIP Conference Proceedings 590, p. 181 Nanonetwork Materials, Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Related Systems, Kamakura, Japan, ed. by S. Saito, T. Ando, Y. Iwasa, K. Kikuchi, M. Kobayashi, Y. Saito, [Abstract].
DOI: 10.1063/1.1420084

2000

Hertel, T. and G. Moos,
Electron-phonon interaction in single wall carbon nanotubes: A time-domain study
Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5502-5505 (2000).
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5002

Hertel, T. and G. Moos,
Influence of the excited electron lifetime on the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes,
Chem. Phys. Lett. 320, 359-364 (2000).
DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00256-6 

1999

Hertel, T. and G. Moos,
Femtosecond time-resolved photoemission as a probe of electronic transport in single wall carbon nanotubes
in: Electronic Properties of Novel Materials - Science and Technology of Molecular Nanostructures, ed. by H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring, S. Roth, AIP Conference Proceedings 486, 384-385 (1999).

Shea H.R., R. Martel, T. Hertel, T. Schmidt, and Ph. Avouris
Manipulation of carbon nanotubes and properties of nanotube field-effect transistors and rings,
J. Microel. Eng. 46, 101-104 (1999).

Avouris P, Hertel T, Martel R, Schmidt T, Shea HR, Walkup RE
Carbon nanotubes: nanomechanics, manipulation, and electronic devices,
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 141 (3-4): 201-209 MAR 1999.

1998

Hertel, T., R. Walkup and Ph. Avouris,
Deformation of carbon nanotubes by surface van der Waals forces,
Phys. Rev. B 58, 13870 (1998).
Avouris P, Martel R, Hertel T, Sandstrom R,
AFM-tip-induced and current-induced local oxidation of silicon and metals
APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 66: S659-S667 Part 2 Suppl. S, MAR 1998

Martel, R., T. Schmidt, H.R. Shea, T. Hertel, and Ph. Avouris,
Single- and multi-wall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors
Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2447-2449 (1998).

Hertel, T., R. Martel and Ph. Avouris,
Manipulation of individual Carbon Nanotubes and their Interaction with Surfaces
J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 910-915 (1998).

1997

Avouris, Ph. T. Hertel and R. Martel,
Atomic force microscope tip-induced local oxidation of Si: Kinetics, mechanism and nanofabrication
Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 285-287 (1997).

Hertel T, Knoesel E, Hotzel A, Wolf M, Ertl G,
Femtosecond time-resolved photoemission of electron dynamics in surface Rydberg states
J. Vac. Sci. & Technol. 15, 1503-1509 (1997).

1996

Knoesel, E., A. Hotzel, T. Hertel, M. Wolf and G. Ertl
Dynamics of photoexcited electrons in metals studied with time-resolved two-photon photoemission
Surf. Sci. 368, 76-81 (1996).

Knoesel, E., A. Hotzel, T. Hertel, M. Wolf and G. Ertl
Ultrafast dynamics of electrons in image-potential states on clean and Xe-covered Cu(111) ,
Phys. Rev. B 54, R5295-R5298 (1996).

Hertel, T., M. Wolf and G. Ertl,
Angular distributions in stimulated desorption: Photodesorption of ammonia from a Cu(111) surface
Chem. Phys. Lett. 257, 155 (1996).

Nessler, W., K.-H. Bornscheuer, T. Hertel and E. Hasselbrink,
Internal quantum state distributions of NH₃ photodesorbed from Cu(111) at 6.4 eV
Chem. Phys. 205, 205-219 (1996).

Hertel, T. E. Knoesel, M. Wolf and G. Ertl,
Ultrafast electron dynamics at Cu(111): Response of an electron gas to optical excitation,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 535-538.

1995

BLUDAU H, OVER H, HERTEL T, GIERER M, ERTL G,
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF CESIUM-OXYGEN PHASES ON RU(0001),
SURFACE SCIENCE 342 (1-3): 134-154 NOV 20 1995.

HERTEL T, KNOESEL E, WOLF M, ERTL G,
ELECTRONIC EXCITATIONS OF ADSORBATES ANALYZED WITH 2-PHOTON PHOTOEMISSION - CO/CU(111),
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 101 (1-2): 53-55 JUN 1995.

WOLF M, HERTEL T, ERTL G,
ISOTOPE EFFECTS IN UV-PHOTOSTIMULATED DESORPTION OF AMMONIA FROM CU(111),
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 101 (1-2): 56-59 JUN 1995.

KNOESEL E, HERTEL T, WOLF M, ERTL G,
FEMTOSECOND DYNAMICS OF ELECTRONIC EXCITATIONS OF ADSORBATES STUDIED BY 2-PHOTON PHOTOEMISSION PULSE CORRELATION - CO/CU(111),
CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 240 (5-6): 409-416 JUL 7 1995.

Hertel, T., M. Wolf and G. Ertl,
UV-photostimulated desorption of ammonia from Cu(111),
J. Chem. Phys. 102(1995) 3414-3430.

1994

HERTEL T, OVER H, BLUDAU H, GIERER M, ERTL G,
STRUCTURAL-ANALYSES OF ORDERED RUBIDIUM PHASES ON RU(0001) USING LOW-ENERGY-ELECTRON DIFFRACTION,
PHYSICAL REVIEW B 50 (11): 8126-8129 SEP 15 1994.

HERTEL T, KNOESEL E, HASSELBRINK E, WOLF M, ERTL G,
UNOCCUPIED ADSORBATE STATES OF CO/CU(111) ANALYZED WITH 2-PHOTON PHOTOEMISSION,
SURFACE SCIENCE 317 (3): L1147-L1151 OCT 1 1994.

HERTEL T, OVER H, BLUDAU H, GIERER M, ERTL G,
NA ADSORPTION ON RU(0001) - A LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF 3 ORDERED PHASES,
SURFACE SCIENCE 301 (1-3): 1-10 JAN 10 1994.

GROBECKER R, SHI H, BLUDAU H, HERTEL T, GREBER T, BOTTCHER A, JACOBI K, ERTL G,
EMISSION OF EXOELECTRONS DURING OXIDATION OF CS VIA THERMAL-ACTIVATION OF A METASTABLE O2- SURFACE SPECIES,
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 72 (4): 578-581 JAN 24 1994.

1993

OVER H, HERTEL T, BLUDAU H, PFLANZ S, ERTL G,
EPITAXIAL-GROWTH OF MAGNESIUM ON RU(0001),
PHYSICAL REVIEW B 48 (8): 5572-5578 AUG 15 1993.

1992

GIERER M, BLUDAU H, HERTEL T, OVER H, MORITZ W, ERTL G,
COVERAGE-DEPENDENT ADSORPTION SITES IN THE K/RU(0001) SYSTEM - A LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS,
SURFACE SCIENCE 279 (1-2): L170-L174 DEC 1 1992.